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Trends in Photovoltaic Technology, January 2010
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Trends in Photovoltaic Technology, January 2010
(Efficiency, CIGS, CdTe, Organic, Dye Sensitized, Nanodot , Nanowire, Emerging PV)

This report covers the latest trends in photovoltaic R&D and development. Best recent efficiencies of various solar materials, cells and modules are included. Recent trends in photovoltaic technology are discussed including: light concentrators, circuit techniques used to minimize shading effects, process techniques to improve efficiency such as spectral shifting, methods of passivation, surface texturing to reduce reflectivity, back contact technologies, improvements in silicon quality, recent developments in III-V materials such as GaAs, InP, GaInAs, etc. and computer methods of improving efficiency. Thin film solar panels are then discussed beginning with thin film amorphous silicon turn-key single and tandem junction and heterojunction technologies. Various recent thin film technology developments include: printing and ink processes, trends in Cadmium Teluride (CdTe) and other II-VI thin film technologies, developments and early production efforts of CIGS/CIS suppliers, dye-sensitized technologies, and various organic polymer PV developments. Emerging R&D PV technologies discussed include: nanocrystals/quantum dots, carbon nanotubes and nanowires. technology. Various labs and test houses involved in development of PV technology are noted. 160+ pages.

[ Description ] [ Contents ] [ Purchase Information ]

Table of Contents - Trends in Photovoltaic Technology, January 2010
(Efficiency, CIGS, CdTe, Organic, Dye Sensitized, Nanodot , Nanowire, Emerging PV)

Table of Contents
Executive Summary
Table of Figures and Tables

1.0 Overview of Solar Technology

  • 1.1 Recent Solar Technology Developments
  • 1.2 Best Efficiencies of Various Solar Photovoltaic Materials
  • 1.3 Overview of the World Market for Photovoltaic Technology

2.0 Techniques To Improve The Conversion Efficiency of Solar Cells

  • 2.1 Overview of Conversion Efficiency of Various Materials
  • 2.1 Sunlight Concentrators To Improve Efficiency of Solar Cells
    • 2.1.0 Various Companies Making or Developing Solar Concentrators
    • 2.1.1 CdTe/Si Concentrator Technology (Sunovia and EPIR)
    • 2.1.2 Lattice Matched Triple Junction Concentrator Cell Technology (Spectrolab)
    • 2.1.3 Integrated Lightweight Single Axis Tracking for 10X Concentration (Skyline Solar)
    • 2.1.4 CPV Using Back Contact Silicon Solar Cells (Entech, Fraunhofer)
    • 2.1.5 High End Solar Cells with Optics (GreenVolts)
    • 2.1.6 High Concentration Solar Panels in Major Solar Installation (Opel)
    • 2.1.7 Concentrator System Based on Fields of Point Focus and Spectra Splitting (SolarTec)
    • 2.1.8 Concentrator System Using Fresnel Lenses and III_V Junction Cells (Concentrix)
    • 2.1.9 High End Solar Cells with Lenses and Mirrors (SolFocus)
    • 2.1.10 High Efficiency Solar Cells and Two Axis Tracking (Soliant Energy )
    • 2.1.11 Volume Production Coating for Concentrator Parabolic Mirrors (Arch Aluminum)
    • 2.1.12 Transparent Transistor Technology (Xtreme Energetics and HP)
    • 2.1.13 Optical Lens and Mirror Concentrators (Emcore)
    • 2.1.14 Cooling Interface for Concentrator Solar Cell (IBM)
    • 2.1.15 Concentrator with Lenses and Tracking (Energy Innovations)
    • 2.1.16 Plastic Based Optics Concentrator (Solaria)
    • 2.1.17 Heliotube Concentrator (Practical Instruments)
  • 2.2 Improving Efficiency Through Minimizing Shading Effects
    • 2.2.1 Improving Efficiency Through Reducing Shading Effects (National Semi.)
    • 2.2.2 Improving Efficiency by Redistributing Shading Effects (Act Solar/ National Semi)
  • 2.3 Techniques to Broaden the Energy Spectrum for Solar Cells
    • 2.3.1 Splitting the Spectrum to Wavelength Specific Solar Cells (Energy Focus, DuPont U.)
    • 2.3.2 Mechanically Stacked GaAs/Ge Multijunction Solar Cell (IMEC)
    • 2.3.3 Efficiency of 43% for Five Spectrum Solar Cell Stack (U. of New South Wales)
    • 2.3.4 Improving Efficiency by Harvesting Infrared Light (Solexant)
    • 2.3.5 Wide Solar Spectrum Absorption (University of New South Wales)
    • 2.3.6 Black Silicon for Increased Spectral Absorbtion (SiOnyx)
    • 2.3.7 Europium Shielded Cells for Wavelength Conversion of UV to Visible Light (AIST)
  • 2.4 Texturing the Surface to Reduce Reflectivity and Antireflectivity Coating
    • 2.4.1 Etching to Reduce Reflectivity and Hydrophobic Surface (Georgia Inst. of Tech)
    • 2.4.2 Texturing the Surface of the Cell to Maximize Light Collection (Kyocera)
    • 2.4.3 Low Reflectivity Textured Surface and Thin Front Metal (Suntech)
    • 2.4.4 Texturing and Self Aligned Cells in Multicrystalline Silicon (1366 Technology)
    • 2.4.5 Low Reflectivity Texture and Improved Electrodes for Silicon PV (Mitsubishi)
    • 2.4.6 Texture Coating for Surface Irregularities (Sustainable Titania Technology)
    • 2.4.7 Silicon Solar Module with Antireflectivity Coating at 20.4% Efficiency (SunPower)
  • 2.5 Back Contact Solar Cells to Improve Efficiency
    • 2.5.1 Back Contact Solar Cells Using Laser Technology (Fraunhofer Institute)
    • 2.5.2 N-Type Silicon Solar Cells with Aluminum Alloyed Rear Contacts (ECN Solar)
    • 2.5.3 Emitter Wrap-Through Design for Back Contact Solar Cells ( AMAT / Advent Solar)
    • 2.5.4 Back-Contact Thin Wafer (i-PERC) Process (IMEC)
  • 2.6 Various Process Techniques to Improve Efficiency of Silicon Solar Cells
    • 2.6.1 Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell with 18.4% Conversion Efficiency (IMEC)
    • 2.6.2 Directed Energy Plating of Copper to Increase Efficiency (Surfect Technologies)
    • 2.6.3 High Efficiency 3-D Monocrystalline Silicon Cell (Solexel)
    • 2.6.4 Silicon PV Line (LG Electronics)
    • 2.6.5 Passivated N-Type Silicon for Improved Efficiency (Energy Res. Ctr., NL)
    • 2.6.6 Selective Emitter Solar Cells (Sunergy)
  • 2.7 Improved Silicon Quality to Improve Efficiency
    • 2.7.1 Ribbon Silicon Technology (Evergreen)
    • 2.7.2 Silicon on UMG Silicon for 14.6% Efficiency Cell (Blue Square Energy)
    • 2.7.3 High Quality Single Crystal Silicon to Improve Efficiency (Confluence Solar)
  • 2.8 III-V Materials (GaAs, InP) to Improve Efficiency of Solar Cells
    • 2.8.1 Triple Junction InGaP/GaAs/InGaAs Cell with 35.8% Efficiency (Sharp)
    • 2.8.2 Indium Gallium Nitride Hybrid Solar Cells (RoseStreet Labs)
    • 2.8.3 3 Junction Tandem Solar Cells Using Differentiated Bifacial Cells on GaAs (Spire)
    • 2.8.4 Nanostructured Solar Cells Using InGaP (Kopin)
    • 2.8.5 InP Single Junction TPV Solar Cells (CIP)
    • 2.8.6 Metamorphic Triple Junction Solar Cell Using GaInP and GaInAs (NREL)
    • 2.8.7 GaAs Grown on Ge to Improve Conversion Efficiency (IMEC)
  • 2.9 Software and Modeling to Improve Efficiency of Solar Cells
    • 2.9.1 Yield Enhancement Software for Solar Cell Wafer Fabs (Magma Design Automation)
    • 2.9.2 Model to Increase Light Absorption of a Solar Cell (Friedrich-Shiller University)
    • 2.9.3 TCAD System for Multi-Dimensional Simulation of PV Performance(SERIS)
    • 2.9.4 Computer Simulations to Improve Anti-Reflective Coatings (MIT)
    • 2.9.5 Cloud Search For Better Solar Material (IBM, Harvard)
    • 2.9.6 Yield Enhancement Software for Solar Fabs (Magma Design Automation)
    • 2.9.7 Modeling to Improve Efficiency of Solar Cells (Bombay Inst. Of Technology)
  • 2.10 Back-End Methods to Lower Cost and Improve Efficiency of Silicon Solar Cells
    • 2.10.1 Thermal Nanoimprinting of Organic Solar Cells
    • 2.10.2 Flexible Triple Junction Thin Silicon by Roll-to-Roll Processing (Xunlight)
    • 2.10.3 Advantages of Thin Silicon on Glass Solar Cells (Sharp)
    • 2.10.4 Technologies to increase efficiency, reduce cost and reduce weight (Sunrise Solar)
    • 2.10.5 Simple Process to Produce 50 um High Quality Substrates (IMEC)
  • 2.11 Improving Efficiency Through Multiple Exciton Materials
    • 2.11.1 Bulk PbS and PbSe Films showing Carrier Multiplication (Ben-Gurion U.)
    • 2.11.2 Using Silicon Nanocrystals for Multiple Exciton Generation (NREL)

3.0 Thin Film Solar Cells Materials and Market

4.0 Thin Film Amorphous Silicon Solar Modules

  • 4.1 Applied Materials Turn-Key Lines
    • 4.1.1 Overview of Applied Materials Technology
    • 4.1.2 Companies using Applied Materials turn-key lines
  • 4.2 Oerlikon Solar Amorphous Thin Film Technology Turn-Key Lines
    • 4.2.1 Oerlikon Solar Amorphous Thin Film Technology
    • 4.2.2 Companies Using Oerlikon Amorphous Thin Film Technology
  • 4.3 Thin Film Amorphous Silicon Technology (Schott)
  • 4.4 “Nanocoax” Structure for Amorphous Silicon Cell (Solasta)
  • 4.5 Amorphous PE-CVD a-Silicon on Glass (Sencera)
  • 4.6 Tandem and Multiple Junction Amorphous Cells (Nex Power Technology/ UMC)
  • 4.7 Triple Junction Amorphous Solar Panels (ECD/United Solar Ovonic)
  • 4.8 Thin Film Tandem Amorphous Silicon Solar Modules (X-sunX)
  • 4.9 Double and Triple Junction Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells (Sharp)

5.0 Heterojunction Amorphous/Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells

  • 5.1 Heterojunction between Amorphous and Crystalline Silicon (AIST)
  • 5.2 High Efficiency Heterojunction Solar Cells (Akrion, CEA)
  • 5.3 HIT Solar Cell with Amorphous Silicon Layers (Sanyo)
  • 5.4 Thin Film Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Technology (SolarMorph)

6.0 Thin Film Solar Cells Using Various Printing Processes and Inks

  • 6.1 Screen Printed Solar Cells (Spark Solar)
  • 6.2 Non-Contact Ink Jet Printing (iTi)
  • 6.3 Non-contact Aerosol Jet Printer for Printing Circuitry on Solar Wafers (Optimec)
  • 6.4 Inks for Front Grid Lines on Crystalline Silicon Cells (Five Star Technologies)
  • 6.5 High Efficiency Screen Printing Technologies (Suniva)
  • 6.6 Inorganic Thin Film with Nanoparticle Ink and Roll-to-Roll (Nanosolar)

7.0 Cadmium Teluride and Other II-VI Thin Film Solar Cells

  • 7.1 Cadmium Teluride Background and Basic Cell Structure
  • 7.2 CdTe Market Overview
  • 7.3 Companies Making and Developing CdTe Solar Cells
    • 7.3.1 CdTe with 11% Efficiency and Cost < $1.00/Watt (First Solar)
    • 7.3.2 CdTe Turnkey Production Lines (Roth & Rau)
    • 7.3.3 Two Junction CdTe with Voc = 1.75 V and 35% Efficiency (Sunovia, EPIR)
    • 7.3.4 Thin Film CdTe Technology (Calyxo /Q-Cells)
    • 7.3.5 Thin Film CdTe Panels (Abound Solar/ AVA)
    • 7.3.6 Thin Film CdTe Panels (PrimeStar Solar/General Electric)
    • 7.3.7 Research for CdTe Solar Cells (EMPA Switzerland)

8.0 Solar Cells Made With CIS/CIGS Films

  • 8.1 CIS/CIGS Technology Technology Overview
  • 8.2 CIS/CIGS Market and Production Overview
  • 8.3 Development and Production of CIGS Solar Cells
    • 8.3.1 Reel-to-Reel CIGS on copper tape (Odersun)
    • 8.3.2 Solar Spray Paintable CIGS Ink (U. of Texas)
    • 8.3.3 Liquid Coating Method for Making CIGS Solar Cells (UCLA)
    • 8.3.4 Lightweight CIGS Using Plastic Substrate (Ascent Solar)
    • 8.3.5 CIGS 19.6% Efficiency (Centre for Solar Energy (ZSW) and Wurth Solar)
    • 8.3.6 High Volume CIGS Production Line (Daiyang Metal -Korea)
    • 8.3.7 CIGS Foil and CIGS-on- Glass Modules (DayStar)
    • 8.3.8 CIGS-on-Foil Solar Technology (Global Solar Energy)
    • 8.3.9 Cylindrical CIGS Panels (Solyndra - Fremont, California)
    • 8.3.10 CIGS Reactive Transfer Printing and Non-Vacuum Ink Deposition (Heliovolt)
    • 8.3.11 Selenide Crystalline CIGS Film (Honda Motor)
    • 8.3.12 IBM and Ohka Kogyo Low Cost CIGS
    • 8.3.13 CIGSSe (Johanna Solar - Germany)
    • 8.3.14 CIGS Se PV (Thin Film Solar - South Africa)
    • 8.3.15 CIGS Panels (Miasole)
    • 8.3.17 CIS Solar Cells (Showa Shell )
    • 8.3.18 CIGS Using An Electrochemical Process (SoloPower)
    • 8.3.19 CIS/CIGS Thin Film Modules (Sulfur Cell -Germany)
    • 8.3.20 CISG Solar Cell with 17.7% Conversion Efficiency (AIST Institute - Japan)
    • 8.3.21 Module Conversion Efficiency of 12.3% and Lab of 16.7% (Solibro/Q-Cells)

9.0 Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

  • 9.1 Introduction to Current Technology of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
  • 9.2 Market for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
  • 9.3 Tandem DSC by Stacking n-DSC & p-DSC (Monash U., Wollongong U and Ulm U.)
  • 9.4 Light Weight Organic Dye Solar Cells on Flexible Foil (Heliatek)
  • 9.5 High Conversion Efficiency Multiple Color Dye Sensitized Thin Film Cells (KIST)
  • 9.6 Diatoms with TiO2 Shells and Dye to Increase Efficiency (Oregon & Portland State U.)
  • 9.7 Fiber Optic TCO-less Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell for Infrared (Kyushi Int. of Tech)
  • 9.8 Gyroid Shaped Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (Various Universities)
  • 9.9 Dye Sensitized Solar Cells on Steel Sheeting for BIPV (Dyesol)
  • 9.10 Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (G24 Innovations, U.K.)
  • 9.11 Paint-On Glass Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
  • 9.12 Dye Sensitized Solar Cells on flexible stainless steel sheets (U. of Helsinki)
  • 9.13 Tandem Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell for Wide Spectral Range (AIST, Japan)
  • 9.14 Dye Sensitized Roll-to-Roll Manufacturing (Peccell Technologies)
  • 9.15 Dye Based PV With Platinum Nanodots and Organic Dye(Orion Solar, Bar-Ilan Univ.)
  • 9.16 Dye Sensitized Solar Cells using Nanoparticles and Nanowires (Ohio State U.)
  • 9.17 High Efficiency Organic Dye Sensitized Solar Material (Chinese Academy of Science)
  • 9.18 Dye Sensitive Solar Cells ( Swiss Federal Institute )

10.0 Nanocrystals and Quantum Dots for Solar Cells

  • 10.1 Silver Nanocrystal Polymer Layer Added to Polymer Cell to Increase Efficiency
  • 10.2 Method for Making Precision Sized Nanocrystals
  • 10.3 Metallic Nanodiscs in Thin Film A-Silicon Solar Cells (Friedrich Schiller University)
  • 10.4 Using Metal Nanoparticles to Improve Light Capture in a Solar Cell (FOM Inst.)
  • 10.5 Thin Film Quantum Dot Solar Cells (Hague/Solterra)
  • 10.6 Indium Nitride-Based Quantum Dots (Manolia Optical and Kopin Corp)
  • 10.7 Quantum Dot Thin Film Coating for Solar Cell (Suntech Mentarix)
  • 10.8 Silicon Nanocrystal Based Silicon Ink Printing (Innovalight)
  • 10.9 InN Based Quantum Dot Solar Cell Technology (Kopin)
  • 10.10 Triple Junction Cells Using Quantum Dots (Cyrium Technology)
  • 10.11 Multiple Transition PV Using Nano- Heterojunctions(U.of Del. and Georgia Tech.)
  • 10.12 Absorbing Different Wavelengths with Different Size Nano-Dots (U. of Notre Dame)
  • 10.13 Using Multiple Exciton Generation (NREL)
  • 10.14 Composite Thin Film with Nitrogen and CdSe Nanocrystals (U. of California)

11.0 Carbon Nanotubes in Solar Energy

  • 11.1 Inexpensive Carbon Nanotubes for Solar Cells (U. of Wisconsin - Madison)
  • 11.2 Carbon Nanotube Transistor Photodetectors (Sandia National Labs)
  • 11.3 Ink with pure Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes (Cornell U., Dupont)
  • 11.4 Carbon Nanotube Electrodes for Solar Cells (Nippon Kayaku, Unidym)
  • 11.5 Transparent Conductive Film with Nanotubes (Unidym)
  • 11.6 Carbon Nanotube Towers for 100% Light Capture (Georgia Tech)
  • 11.7 Arrays of Vertical Nanotubes for Low Reflectivity (Rensselaer, Rice U.)
  • 11.8 Vertical Carbon Nanotubes to Improve Solar Cell Efficiency (U. of Notre Dame)

12.0 NanoWires to Improve Properties of Solar Cells

  • 12.1 Vertical Nanostructures to Improve Efficiency of Thin Film Si (Nanyang, ASTAR)
  • 12.2 Co-Integration of Silicon Micro and Nanowires for Improving Efficiency
  • 12.3 Research Project to Explore Silicon Nanowire Solar (Total SA and LPICM)
  • 12.4 Organic Semiconducting Microwires for Printing (Stanford U. and Samsung)
  • 12.5 Nanowires to Improve Light Absorption (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute)
  • 12.6 Silicon Nanowires for Efficient Organic Solar Cells(Photonic Tech-Jena, Germany)
  • 12.7 Conducting Properties of Carbon Fullerenes and Nanotubes (U. of Pittsburgh)
  • 12.8 Polymer Solar Cells with InP Nanowires to Improve Carrier Transport (U. of Calif.)

13.0 Various Emerging Solar Cell Technologies

  • 13.1 Zinc Oxide on Silicon for Improved Collection Efficiency (Missouri U. of S&T)
  • 13.2 Flexible Solar Film for Skins of Airplanes (AFRL and U. of Washington)
  • 13.3 High Efficiency Quantum Well Concentrator Solar Cells (QuantaSol)
  • 13.4 Nanostructured Coatings to Reduce Reflection in Solar Cells (DoE & U. of Florida)
  • 13.5 Solar Cells Using the Nanoplasmonic Effect (Swinburne U. and Suntech)
  • 13.6 Reconstituting a Biological Photosynthetic System
  • 13.7 Holographic Solar Concentrator Technology (Prism)
  • 13.8 Silicon Foil Technology
  • 13.9 Waveguide Technologies Using Dye Coatings (Covalent Solar)
  • 13.10 Waveguide Technologies Using Glass Waveguide Plates (Morgan Solar)
  • 13.11 PV Cell Using Photosynthesis for Production of Electricity (U. of Tel Aviv)
  • 13.12 Germanium Solar Cells (IMEC)
  • 13.13 Spherical Silicon Solar Cells (Fuji Pream)
  • 13.14 Research in Flexible Substrates for Solar (ITRI)

14.0 Organic Polymer Solar Cell Technology

  • 14.1 Overview
  • 14.2 Model for Improving Efficiency of Polymer Solar Cells (Purdue University)
  • 14.3 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Coated on Optical Cable (Georgia Tech)
  • 14.4 Solar Cells of Organic Polymer Grown inside TiO2 Nanotubes (Argonne Nat. Labs)
  • 14.5 Plastic Solar Cell with 7.9% Efficiency (Solarmer)
  • 14.6 Improving Efficiency of DSSC using Poyphyrins (NIAST and various Universities)
  • 14.7 Improving Mixing of Polymer-Metal Oxide Solar Cells (Eindhoven U. and U. of Ulm)
  • 14.8 Improving Efficiency of Organic Solar Cells Using X-Ray Treatment (NIST)
  • 14.9 Flexible Organic Thin Film Polymer-Fullerene Technology (Konarka)
  • 14.10 Organic Solar Cells Using Plexcore Materials and Inks (Plextronics)
  • 14.11 Organic PV Module on a Single Glass Substrate (Mitsubishi, AIST, Tokki)
  • 14.12 Copolymer Heterojunction with Fullerenes ( U. of Ca., St. Barbara and Gwangju In.)
  • 14.13 Improving Lifetime of Organic Solar Cells (IMEC and Cytec)
  • 14.14 Organic Solar Cells With Conjugated Molecules (d'Angers U. and Strasbourg U.)
  • 14.15 Organic Thin Film Semiconductor Solar Cell (Mitsubishi)
  • 14.16 Organic Solar Cell Stability Extension (Konarka and Various Universities)
  • 14.17 Polymer with Included Silicon Atom to Improve Efficiency(UCLA, Solarmer Energy)
  • 14.18 Miniature Organic Solar Cells (U. of South Florida, New Energy Technologies)
  • 14.19 Hybrid Organic Material that Absorbs all Solar Wavelengths (Ohio State Univ.)
  • 14.20 Tandem Organic Roll-to-Roll Processing Solar Film (Mitsubishi)
  • 14.21 Organic Solid State Solar Cell with very Pure C60 crystals (Osaka U.)
  • 14.22 Organic Dye Sensitized Cell using Rolled Printing & Gel Electrode(Dai Nippon)
  • 14.23 Plastic Substrate with Electroconductive Film & Ink Technology (Sumitomo)
  • 14.24 Organic Bulk Heterojunctions on TiO or ZnO to improve Efficiency (Intel)
  • 14.25 Improving Efficiency of Conductive Plastic Solar Cells (Pusan Nat. U, U.of Calif.)

15.0 Developments in Thin Film Roll-to-Roll PV

  • 15.1 Roll-to-Roll Thin Film Triple Junction Silicon PV (Xunlight)
  • 15.2 Pilot Plant for 120 cm Laminate for Flexible Solar Cells (Nuon)
  • 15.3 Inkjet Printing with Roll-to-Roll Production (iTi Solar)
  • 15.4 PowerFilm Roll-to-Roll (HP)
  • 15.5 Amorphous Silicon Roll-to-Roll PV Cells (Uni-Solar/ECD)

16.0 Processes, Chemicals, Equipment and Service Suppliers for the Solar Cell Industry

  • 16.1 Metals and Sputtering Targets for Solar Cell Makers (Atlumin Energy)
  • 16.2 Gases for Chinese Solar Cell Manufacturers (Praxair China)
  • 16.3 Equipment for CIGS Production (Veeco)
  • 16.4 Ink Jet Printers (iTi)
  • 16.5 Mirror Films for Solar Concentrators (3M Corp.)
  • 16.6 Printing equipment for transparent conductive films (Tokyo Electron)
  • 16.7 Spire Microcrack Detection Equipment
  • 16.8 BioBacksheet (BioSolar)
  • 16.9 Phosphorus Silicate Glass Dry Etch Processing (Amtech / PST)
  • 16.10 Voltaix
  • 16.11 Chemical Encapsulation Materials for Thin Film Panels ( Solutia)
  • 16.12 Anti-Reflection Coating ( Singulus Technologies)
  • 16.13 Gases and Chemicals (Linde Group)
  • 16.14 Factory Automation (Owens Design)
  • 16.15 Vacuum Processes for Solar Cells
  • 16.16 Liquid Coating Method for Making CIGS Solar Cells (UCLA)
  • 16.17 R&D Service Suppliers to the Solar Industry
  • 16.17.1 SVTC Solar

17.0 Test and Certification of Solar Cells and Modules

  • 17.1 Arizona State University PV Test Lab for IEC 61646 (Arizona, U.S.)
  • 17.2 Atlas Material Testing Technology Solar Center (Phoenix, Arizona)
  • 17.3 Energy Research Centre (Netherlands)
  • 17.4 Fraunhofer Institute (based in Germany)
    • 17.4.1 Fraunhofer USA CSE
    • 17.4.2 Fraunhofer Germany
  • 17.5 Newport Corporation
  • 17.6 NREL
  • 17.7 TUV Rhineland Test and Certification
  • 17.8 Underwriters Lab (U.S.)
  • 17.9 United Kingdom's National Physical Laboratory

18.0 Solar Research Labs and Cooperatives

  • 18.1 Albany NanoTech
  • 18.2 APOLLON Project European PV Cooperation
  • 18.3 Canadian Solar's Solar Cell Research Center
  • 18.4 Danish National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy (Riso DTU)
  • 18.5 DOE Awards for Advanced Technology at U.S. PV Companies
  • 18.6 EMPA Switzerland Laboratory for Thin Films and PV
  • 18.7 Energy Frontier Research Center -Project Sage (U. of Arizona)
  • 18.8 Fraunhofer Institute of Solar Energy Systems
  • 18.9 IMEC Labs
  • 18.10 IRENA
  • 18.11 MIT Energy Initiative
  • 18.12 Solar Technology Institute (Science Foundation of Arizona)
  • 18.13 Solar Energy Research Institute - SERIS (Singapore)
  • 18.14 Stanford University Energy Research Institute
  • 18.15 Intellectual Property Companies
  • 18.15.1 QD Soleil / Nanosys

19.0 Government and Industry Incentives for Solar Cell R&D

  • 19.1 Czech Republic
  • 19.2 German Solar Subsidies
  • 19.3 India Solar Plan
  • 19.4 Italian FiT Proposal
  • 19.5 Taiwan Renewable Energy Act

Bibliography

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